Essay on Gothic Fiction - 2923 Words

Gothic fiction is erotic at the root according to Punter. From your reading of Frankenstein and Dracula how far would you agree with Punters interpretation. Gothic fiction is erotic at the root according to Punter. From your reading of Frankenstein and Dracula how far would you agree with Punters interpretation. In your essay you should consider: - · The authors portrayal of eroticism and sexuality (in all its forms) through characters. - · Relevant social/cultural concerns during the period the novels were written. During the 18th century and for a long time after poetry was regarded as the most sophisticated and accomplished mode of the written word. The Gothic novel, a relatively new form of†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the growing fashion of Gothic resulted in the popularity of the Gothic novel, it was a cheap exciting alternative and with widening literacy it was open to the up-and-coming middle classes. The setting of the gothic novel is central to the plot with a range of possible settings as backdrops including: ruins, dungeons, castles, and monasteries among others. Along with this the gothic novels were all set in Europe in the middle ages. A prime example being what is generally agreed to be the first gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto written by Horace Walpole in 1764. Walpole placed his novel in Italy in the middle ages and set it in a castle complete with dungeons, battlements, cloisters, galleries and trapdoors and consequently it met all the requirements of the gothic novel. The popularity of this novel spawned a multitude of others within the same genre. Ann Radcliffes The Mysteries of Udolpho was followed by Jane Austens Northanger Abbey and by this time the gothic novel was more than firmly established. Abraham Stoker was born in Dublin in 1847 to parents Charlotte and Abraham Stoker. He attended Trinity College in Dublin in the 1860s where he was involved competitively in athletics and football and was also an active participant in the Philosophical Society which eventually made him president. He graduated with an Honours degree in Pure Maths. At the age of 22 Bram followed in his fathers footsteps joining the civilShow MoreRelatedThe Fiction Genre Of Gothic Fiction1963 Words   |  8 Pages The Literary fiction genre of Gothic, including Crime and Horror, usually features a figure of Otherness as either the protagonists of antagonists of the story. The noun Otherness is used in this context to describe a being that is different from the norm. This could be a creature that is not human at all or an individual as representation of a minority group in the human society, in either race, class, sexuality or gender. These figure often have the function of discussing issues, such as homosexualityRead MoreAmbiguity of American Gothic Fiction1765 Words   |  8 PagesJulie Fallows 6423747 Sean Moreland November 27, 2012 Ambiguity of American Gothic Anxieties Since the 19h century, American Gothic fiction started to exist independently from the British type. In fact, the latter was marked by its use of fantastic, externalized and metaphysical elements as opposed to the boundaries of American Gothic fiction in which were expressed by historical, internalized, racial and psychological characteristics. (Edwards, XVII) In Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, FallRead MoreGothic Fiction : The Castle Of Otranto1443 Words   |  6 PagesAngelic TR – 8a-9:15a Comp. 2 Gothic literature was almost single handedly invented by Horace Walpole with his novel The Castle of Otranto in 1765. A mix of romance and horror, many authors today and many authors in the past have used gothic fiction to fill the readers with suspense and terror. Edgar Allan Poe used elements such as suspense, setting, and language to create a plethora of gothic fiction stories. Stories such as Poe’s Cask of Amontillado capture the gothic element perfectly. A combinationRead MoreGothic Fiction Of Hawthorne And Poe Essay1919 Words   |  8 PagesGothic Fiction of Hawthorne and Poe When discussing gothic fiction many early authors come to mind, Mary Shelley, the Bronte Sisters, Bram Stoker, and Oscar Wilde, to name a few, were all exceptional European writers of this style. As for American authors, there are two names that hold top places of honor, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Poe, with his talent for lyrical, poetic prose and conveying the macabre, is considered by many to be the master of gothic fiction. However, HawthorneRead MoreThe Southern Gothic Is A Subgenre Of Gothic Fiction. The1722 Words   |  7 PagesThe Southern Gothic is a subgenre of Gothic fiction. The Southern Gothic is best defined as a story filled with irony, characters who fit the grotesque factor, social issues, violence, southern settings, decay, outsiders, Civil War, and even slavery and race. Throughout Modern Southern Fiction, these factors which create the Southern Gothic can be found in almost every literary work. In the novel by Dorothy Allison titled Bastard Out of Carolina which was published in 1922, nearly every factor thatRead MoreGothic Literature : The Southern Gothic Fiction1476 Words   |  6 Pagesmorbidly dark and eccentric characters combined with southern charm and the ever-present gender divide to tell stories that represent a writing style known as southern gothic literature. â€Å"Southern Gothic is a subgenre of Gothic fiction unique to American literature that takes place exclusively in the American South. Elements of a Gothic treatment of the South were apparent in the 19th century, ante- and post-bellum, in the grotesques of Henry Clay Lewis and the de-idealized visions of Mark Twain.[3]Read MoreEssay on Gothic Fiction: An Analysis of Space in The Monk3618 Words   |  15 Pages Gothic Fiction: An Analysis of Space in The Monk. Space is inseparable part of every text of literature. In the Gothic fiction space is extremely important, as the Gothic fiction is mostly based on creating images connected with human perception. During the process of reading readers often use their imagination. Therefore, depiction of old castles, ruined abbeys, monasteries, subterranean passages, vaults, or secret panels, is a standard method of creating the atmosphere. As IzdebskaRead MoreGothic Fiction : A Rose For Emily And The Fall Of The House Of Usher1313 Words   |  6 Pagesunusual events. This type of atmosphere is known as gothic fiction which appears in gothic novels. According to the dictionary, gothic fiction is† a genre of fiction characterized by mystery and supernatural horror, often set in a dark castle or other medieval settings.† In the short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† there are elements of gothic fiction in the characters and setting. Th e components of gothic fiction in the stories include gloomy settings, decaying mansionsRead MoreGothic Fiction: The Representation of Evil in Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto2229 Words   |  9 Pages Gothic Fiction: The Representation of Evil in Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto. The Castle of Otranto is a 1764 novel written by Horace Walpole. It is regarded as the first Gothic novel, initiating a new literary genre which became extremely popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Gothic literature’s desire to explore the unknown, the unexplainable, inexplicable and the terrifying can be seen as a reaction to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on the rational and knowableRead MoreGothic Fiction Genre in Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe and Flannery O’ Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find571 Words   |  2 Pagesthe old mans heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage.† –â€Å"Tell Tale Heart† by Edgar Allen Poe The Gothic fiction genre has been known for its gory and gruesome imagery ever since the 1800s. This genre has flourished from one generation to another into many other sub-genres including the Southern Gothic. With â€Å"Tell Tale Heart† Edgar Allen Poe out does himself with his incredibly brutal descriptions as seen in the quote above. In an ongoing battle of

PhD statement of personal objectives ( at Marketing ) Personal Statement

Essays on PhD statement of personal objectives ( at Marketing ) Personal Statement PhD ment of personal objectives of the Personal ment Marketing is considered as the most vital activity in which a business must partake. Marketing is also dubbed as the activity that directly affects the overall sales of a firm and at the same time determines the level of profitability of the firm (Buttle, 2012). Basically, if a company is marketing its business well, it is obvious to make profits and if it is not it could be in trouble. Even the best products would fail to survive if not marketed well. Hence, it is evident that marketing is a subject of great importance (Alsmadi, Alhami Alsmadi, 2009). Although the notion of marketing was evident since the introduction of barter system, but in the recent past, the significance of marketing has increased robustly (Alsmadi, Alhami Alsmadi, 2009). One of the key reasons for the increasing awareness of marketing among the companies is the need to increase own visibility. The level of competition has reached such a stage where companies find it extremely difficult to sustain in the marketplace (Mooij, 2009). Thus, marketing acts as a means of enhancing the visibility of a firm as well as creating awareness of the products and services of the firm. It should be also noted that marketing umbrella encompasses various fields, such as advertising, sales, public relations as well as direct promotion. All these concepts are amalgamated by the companies and are applied before the launching of a product or a service in the market place. Hence, these facts make it evident that marketing is one of the vital subjects of the society and to prosper in the professional world one should gather adequate knowledge about the subject. Although during the early days of my academics, the interest was always on the human relations and social science, but since the last couples of years my interest towards marketing management has been increasing steadily. Furthermore, my increasing interest on the study of how people act and interact in organizations has fuelled my desire of making a career in the field of marketing management. It has also motivated me over a number of years to learn as much as I can about Marketing management, both in classrooms, as with my current Marketing studies, and on the job. I have seen that marketing has always received special attention in a company as the management of any firm believes that marketing is the only activity responsible for generating revenue in a firm (Conway Steward, 2009). However, this does not mean that other disciplines are not important enough in running the business operation. Other disciplines are generally backend process of a firm but marketing functions at the frontend which makes it an area of utmost importance to an organization. I have understood the fact that marketing is responsible for attracting new customers as well as retaining the existing customers for a firm. Thus, companies always allocate higher proportion of their overall budget to the marketing department. I have seen that in many cases companies have failed to prosper in the market despite having superior product and services due to the lack of proper marketing activities. This again proves marketing as an essential and vital activity or can even be adjudged as a necessity. My interest in marketing is increasing day by day as I am getting aware of a number of facts related to marketing. Literally, I am getting fantasized by the reach and scope of marketing and firmly believe that this is one area where I can excel in future and can contribute to the society through this subject. My objective has always been to effectively apply my learning desire and interpersonal skills to the welfare of an organization, but now I specifically focus on implementing these skills in an organization’s marketing challenges and opportunities. While doing Master of Science in Marketing from Texas AM University Commerce, Texas, I have been able to gain deeper insights into various important concepts of marketing. The one thing that encourages me to learn marketing is its vastness and ability to appeal and communicate with the mass. I have seen that research in marketing is being done in large numbers but the same is low with other subjects. Furthermore, marketing also encompasses market research which is another vast field and associates itself with mathematics and statistics (Hollensen, 2007; Mooij, 2009). My aim in PhD with marketing as the specialization will be to research on how marketing can be used to provide benefit to the society. Literature survey confirms that marketing has always been considered as a subject which is important for business and has always been presented as well as viewed from a business angle. However, there are hardly any studies carried out before that which emphasize on marketing as a societal development tool. Hence my research will focus on bringing marketing and society under one roof. The objective will be to develop a theory and implement the same in the real world and realize benefits out of it. As you will see in my resume, I offer human relations skills, strong computer knowledge, and the flexibility and positive attitude to help resolve just any issue. Hence, I will be implementing my additional skills in the programs to ensure effectiveness and increase the chances of success. I hope that marketing will act as a foundation to this new dimension and with the assistance of qualified professionals, experts and academicians I will be able to come out with a theory. Although, social science has been a subject that endowed me with new dimensions but now I am ready to make transition to a position in marketing management, and I ask that to consider me for such a position. References Alsmadi, I., Alhami, I. Alsmadi, H. (2009). The Requirements for building an E-commerce infrastructure. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, 2 (2), 7-9. Buttle, F. (2012). Customer relationship management. London: Routledge. Conway, S. Steward, F. (2009). Managing and shaping innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hollensen, S. (2007). Global Marketing. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Mooij, M. D. (2009). Global marketing and advertising: understanding cultural paradoxes. London: Sage.

Critical Analysis of National Land Code

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis of National Land Code. Answer: Introduction There are various ways followed across the globe in acquiring land or property by an individual. Such one way is by Torrens ways where the registration of the land to its owner is given more importance over anything else. The historical beginning of the system started after the Island was taken under the control of the British Colonial government which later made the uniform civil code in the land which had no prior history of equal rights of land ownership or use. The form that was used was primitive where the utility was given more importance over the ownership. The Sahajji Islamic cult had a strong influence in deciding g the fate of the land owners where the Sultans were the supreme authority This changed once British colonized and brought in a uniform law code for the nation in 1911. This was a big reform considering the previous ways of using or acquiring lands by individuals which often had conflict and dispute of ownership as the island was uninhabited in many parts and the s ettlement came in after British colonized it. The National Land Code of 1965 made it more simplified and guarded the regional cultural practices as well with exceptions in few cases which were kept as it is since the days of Empirical Islamic traditional rule in some places. Historical Background leading to Torrents System Today around the Globe approximately 26 nations adhere to Torrens System of Land Administration, Malaysia being one of them. This form of land administration is used to describe the registration components of the land administration. The Torrens Land Management System is to have an interest being generated which is under the law. Thus this form gives land holdings, with some exceptions of no legal effect until formally registered. This system gives the description of the owner and certifies title entitlement along with restrictions. This has a map and surveyed plan that notes the boundaries of the land and allotment where electronic catalog systems are in use. Notably, the system deals with registration, equitable holding recognized by the law and possession of the landowner under specifics of the law. This gives the land ownership to only one person rather than other contemptuous ones who may have interest on the piece of land In 1858, this system was first introduced in Australia for the need of the dispute between lawyers and other informal practices of landholding of that period. The current interpretation of the law in Malaysia comes from the Straits Settlement, Federated Malay state, and un-federated Malay states. In 1872 when the East India Company of the then British Empire landed on the island it was totally uninhabited. Therefore, there was no law of the land that was to determine the ownership which from the British side was immaterial as whether it was ceded or newly settled territory. Thus post-settlement there was an influx of population, so the English Parliament introduced English Common Law, and Equity which was later introduced in Penang, Malacca, Singapore and in 1855 the English Deed System was introduced as well. The land laws followed those days were local laws of the land, and Dutch grant was existent in the urban areas. So there was no common practice but the old traditional law of M alacca where the people who cleared the land and undertook any land with personal effort were there where a tenth of the revenue generated from those places was to be given as tax to the occupying Dutch. Here the nature of ownership was not absolute but based on proprietary rights like land ownership but the utility of the land which suggests no absolute ownership. The methods used were the acquisition of land virgin or forested to be used for agriculture, and a tenth was to be given to the local ruler. So if the owner did not utilize a piece of land without any reasonable cause, it was automatically forfeited by the ruler. The utility was important over owning a piece of land, so when the owner or utilize of the land decided to sell his piece of land, it would mean that the purchaser is supposed to pay the expenses incurred by the landowner for the development of it. In Malaya, it was called "puling belanja or return of expenses. The owner could borrow money by showing the land owned as security with a collateral agreement to give back the borrowed money within a stipulated time else by law the land would automatically get transferred to the lender. However, such indigenous laws were abolished when in 1891 the land was declared under the Crown or English control. However, Pahang was ruled by a Sultan or absolute ruler who was in control of all legislation in the state which he decided from time to time until 1937 Civil Law enactment was passed to have a common law and charter of justice in the Federated Malay State. Under the unified state, the first of Torrens resolution was passed called Selangor Registration of Titles regulation of 1891 in Malaysia. Under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty British gained control in 1909 of the entire state. The land system laws already prevailed as per the local customs of Islamic laws before the first introduction of Torrens laws. The General Land Regulation was slowly enacted in all states followed by the Registration of Title Regulation which was devised by English lawmakers of the then Malaya Federation. Hence, with a lot of good effort a law of land system was fully integrated by 1911 with FMS Land Enactment and FMS Registration of Title Enactment. The Torrens System brought in the law that all land is under the ruler who could give or take land from people with due registration process under prescribed forms with the then authorities. The owners were given full ownership, and the traditional practice of acquiring virgin or forest land was abolished. Recording systems with forms were introduced. The Uniform Land laws were distinguished into two categories where the Land Enactment dealt with the country land of fewer than 100 acres. The Title enactment dealt with lands exceeding 100 acres. This system was amended in 1926 that came into force in 1928 which came to be cited as Land Code of 1928. So the land ownership got more clarity, adverse possession against the individual owners were stopped, and the revenue style for land was kept unaltered where one-tenth of the value of the land was to be paid, and specific cultivation rules were enforced. Features of Torrens Title practiced in Malaysia The National Land Code were enacted as drafted in 1928 post the nation's independence which was granted in 1965 and enacted from 1st of January 1966. This law was equally enforced in all states of independent Malaysia except in Sabah and Sarawak. This law in the land is used to enact the amendments and consolidate the laws about land and land tenure. The deal is a collection of revenue from the states to run the national business and get the connection among the various states via a common law. The desire for such law in the land was to consolidate on the uniform land system which would bring the titles of land under the state control via a singular law. Thus now it has given the government the tools needed to ensure the uniformity of law for land and related matters. The land tenure, registration of it, transfer, lease and charges in respect to land and its use related issues has been solved. The currently applied form is the amended as on 1st of January 2006 which is in the application. The National Legislative Council decided to enact the law in federal level to get the Land Acquisition Act and Strata Titles Act. There are subsidiary legislations dependent on state assembly made rules and also do have the Malay Reservation System in place. The Act empowered the state to have ownership of all land under its jurisdiction and made the mining of rocks and minerals as a national property where states have limited access rights. The states regulations are owned by the governor of the state who also leads the state assembly. The Act of 1965 makes it clear that Land is a state matter, and they are supposed to make rules for the state-owned land. Nevertheless, the Parliament of the nation has the right to pass laws to bring in uniformity between the state laws as per the National Land code's Article 74. The law gives the features like a registered document of title (RDT) which is available and retained by the Registry and land office. This information is available to the public for greater transparency in the system. The registered proprietor keeps the Issue Document of Title for the land (IDT) as an evidence of ownership. There is the Registry which follows two principles. The Mirror and Curtain principles, namely. In the Mirror the register gives the descriptions of the proprietor's details, nature of the land and particulars of that person who may have shown interest in the land. The Curtain principle makes the potential buyer to see the register he/she is interested in without any counter checking. Hence, the NLC facilitates the unlawful possession of a land, may it be against the state or registered owner. Thus it's an instrument of right that protects the registered user's interests at all times. The state, however, reserves the rights to get the alienated lands under the state control in various circumstances. If the state gave the land, it has to be returned after the expiry of the term, under Section 130 the land can be rebuked due to non-payment of rent and breach of condition imposed during lease giving. Further, if the landowner dies without any legal heir or if the land is surrendered back by the owner to the state. These are the exceptions that the law provides to the users without registration for those lands under the state control. Nevertheless, the NLC is not concerned with those deals which are noncompliant with its requirements. The English made Civil Law Act of 1956 makes exemptions where the English principles of equitable principles relating to land tenure wh ere English laws are not applicable in the Malaysian soil of made conveyances, assurances or succession of property like issues out of the equation. Furthermore, the NLC demands registration for its application of its codes, would not affect the Contractual operations of any alienated land and its transactions. So the registration won't be bothering the dealing happening within the land if taken under a contractual agreement. Thus it's a balance between the user and owner which the NLC helps to comply with. Concept of Indefeasibility in Malaysian NLC Indefeasibility is the right of a registered owner in the Nation of Malaysia the right of owning their piece of land with a recognized border which needs registration under the NLC act. The guarantee to the land owners is their Indefeasibility of title where the interest is guaranteed under the provisions of law. This gives the person the ownership of the land by the state that can be used to revoke any lease agreement dispute or other person's claim on the land if the owner can prove the registration given by the state Without registration the state has the right to do as per their will if the land doesn't have the ownership registration. So the purchase document is not enough till it's registered under the law of the Code of 1965. The National Law Code (NLC) needs registration to handle cases which can be dealt with under its preview. This registration may be used by the owner to lease his land, transfer or charge for its use. For unregistered interests, the caveats are to protect unregistered interest. The concept of indefeasibility is the central norm for any applied Torrens system with land registration provisions. This keeps the system simple, certified and in the books of the registration making the fundamental rights of the land owners more strength. The system has two steps which are immediate and deferred depending on the case scenario. This is a process of owning title for indefeasibility to be immediate a purchaser has to get the registration with documents to get such strong hold on the land, which may be a forged document used to get the permission, but it doesn't matter till the registration process is completed. The deferred one is such that the registration is done with forged papers or instruments. The change of name of registered owner needs to pay a transfer charge to get the indefeasibility which the registration document would show. This makes the process simple as it gives the bank to go through the register of registration for a certain loan in contrast to the bond of registered land is supposed to pay even if the deferred indefeasibility by the process of registration is given during the tenure. This makes the issue simple and easy for the banks to handle loans for such cases. This indefeasibility is attained by the person when they receive the certainty of title which is applied by the registration process. Such registration can only be challenged via the NLC of 1965, where its importance and validity lies. This means that the claimant of the land is the one who is shown in the registers via curtain or mirror processes making the registering owner aware of any previous claims or have proceeded with the sale or transfer without prior notice. If there be any need, it has to be reflected in the register which the new owner should be aware of and comply with as per the Code. Hence this makes the title of registration more important than anything else for the owner in the legal stand as per the NLC of 1965. Hence, the cardinal rule as followed by the laws of the land suggests that the registration of the land in the name of a person guarantees his belonging and ownership on the piece of land. It is by the prima facie indications unnecessary to find out how the name came on the registration, which may be via acquiring, by family ties or got as a gift till his name is registered with the government under the NLC. However, NLC is only for the properties with registration in government books, and the rest is not under its jurisprudence Conclusions The land transactions in the state have got a new dimension under the preview of the law. The clause of Indefeasibility cannot be overruled which is the most important component of the Torrens system followed in the nation. The intervention of legislation, in this case, is needed. However, as on date, the Torrens way of land ownership determination had been working fine with the people and the establishment where the registration of the land with surveyed boundaries is all that one need to be titled as the owner of the land. Nevertheless, fraud and misappropriate dealings has to be stopped in the process as the lands were inhabited and were taken by people who claimed it for use or utility. The NLC laws have made the process simplified for the government and the law to judge the real owner with registration details. Bibliography Agc-blog.agc.gov.my. (2012).S 340 National Land Code 1965 (NLC) |. [online] Available at: https://agc-blog.agc.gov.my/agc-blog/?p=1383 [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Arter, F. (1960). A review of the torrens system and some aspects of title survey.Australian Surveyor, 18(2), pp.108-118. Awang, A. and Ariff, S. (2013).Adat land laws in Malaysia. [online] Csdila.unimelb.edu.au. Available at: https://www.csdila.unimelb.edu.au/projects/tehran/Presentations/pdf/4-Adat%20land.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Aziz, S. and Hanif, S. (2014).LAND ADMINISTRATION in MALAYSIA. [online] Aseanvaluer.org. Available at: https://aseanvaluer.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Land-Administration-in-Malaysia.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Faolex.fao.org. (2016).National Land Code (Amendment) Act 2008. [online] Available at: https://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/mal91850.doc [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Fght.utm.my. (2012).National land code (Penang and Malacca titles) Act 1963. [online] Available at: https://fght.utm.my/tlchoon/files/2015/09/NATIONAL-LAND-CODE-PENANG-AND-MELACCA-TITLES-ACT-ACT-518.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Hutchison, T. (1958). XXXVIII. Robert Torrens and Classical Economics.Economic History Rev, 11(2), pp.316-321. Jp-land.com. (2016).A Brief History of Malaysia Land Law | Learn Understand More. [online] Available at: https://jp-land.com/a-brief-history-of-malaysian-land-law/ [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Jupem.gov.my. (2016).Official Portal Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). [online] Available at: https://www.jupem.gov.my/index.php?enaction=mainsetcolor(); [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Kptg.gov.my. (2016).National Land Code (Act 56 of 1965). [online] Available at: https://www.kptg.gov.my/sites/default/files/article/NLC1956DIGITAL-VER1.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Maicsa.org.my. (2012).Excerpt from the National Land Code (Act 56 of 1965). [online] Available at: https://www.maicsa.org.my/download/technical/technical_announcements_150615_2_2.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Maidin, A. (2011).Principles of Malaysian land law. [online] Cat.lib.unimelb.edu.au. Available at: https://cat.lib.unimelb.edu.au/record=b4271438~S30 [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Massie, E., Brown, R. and Cannon, A. (1914). Report of the Committee on the Torrens System and Registration of Title to Land.The Virginia Law Register, 20(7), p.481. O'Connor, P. (2003). Double Indemnity - Title Insurance the Torrens System.QUT Law Review, 3(1). Persekutuan, J. and Putrajaya, K. (2011).Review of the National Land Code 1965. [online] Ptgns.ns.gov.my. Available at: https://ptgns.ns.gov.my/NLC%20Review%20Consultation%20Paper.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Ruffin, R. (2005). Debunking a Myth: Torrens on Comparative Advantage.History of Political Economy, 37(4), pp.711-722. Sood, T. (2016).The Malaysian Bar - Basics of Indefeasibility under the National Land Code. [online] Malaysianbar.org.my. Available at: https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/property_law/basics_of_indefeasibility_under_the_national_land_code.html [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Taylor, G. (2008). Is the Torrens System German?.The Journal of Legal History, 29(2), pp.253-285. Xavier, G. (2012).Indefeasibility of Title in MalaysiaThe Revivification of Deferred Indefeasibility under the Torrens System Focus on Fraudulently Obtained and Forged Titles. [online] Repository.um.edu.my. Available at: https://repository.um.edu.my/22524/1/9.%20Indefeasibility%20of%20Title%20in%20Malaysia.pdf [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016].

Reaction Time free essay sample

â€Å"Reaction Time† is the interval of time between the application of a stimulus and the detection of a response and has been thought to differ based upon the effects of modality and warning signals. In the â€Å"Reaction Time† experiment a total of 24 students from the University of Cincinnati participated in an experiment consisting of two sensory modalities, audition and vision, which were combined with two levels of warning signal status. The two levels of warning signal status were signal onset and signal offset. This provided a total of four experimental conditions and is described as a two by two repeated measures design. The independent variables included both modality and warning signals, while the dependent variable was reaction time. From the results of the experiment, significant evidence in differences of reaction time could be related to both modality and reaction. Furthermore, the experiment showed significant evidence that auditory stimuli accompanied with a signal onset provided faster reaction times compared to visual stimuli accompanied without a warning signal. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Effects of Warning Signals on Reaction Time to Auditory and Visual Stimuli Reaction Time has been studied for numerous years in efforts to understand the effects modality and warning signals have on a response stimulus. The basis of â€Å"Reaction Time† was to examine and test the effects both warning signals and auditory/visual stimuli have on response time as found in prior research findings. Past research, including that of Woodworth and Schlosberg (1954), Elliot (1968), and Kohfeld (1971) found that different sensory stimuli resulted in different reaction times, while other researchers, including Foley and Dewis (1960), Blackman (1966), and Niemi (1981), examined the effects of foreperiods and expectancy on reaction time. More specifically, â€Å"Reaction Time† was an experiment conducted to specifically examine the discrepancies in time with regards to both auditory and visual stimuli (modality) via the underlying processes organisms experience and to examine the effects warning signals have on time delay. In efforts to understand the relationships between reaction time to auditory and visual stimuli, one must first establish what reaction time is and then examine the processes involved in audition and visual perception. First, reaction time is the interval of time between the application of a stimulus and the detection of a response, in which the response is followed by any reaction to the stimulus. The delay of time reflects the time taken by several mechanisms of the organism to process information. Such mechanisms include components like: sensory encoding, stimulus identification, response selection and response execution. With this kept in mind, a process so complex can be influenced by several factors including: the nature of warning signals that precede the stimulus to be detected, and the sensory modality of stimuli. To provide a clearer picture of what is happening during this process one can envision how this may be demonstrated in real life. First, a person touches hot water streaming from the faucet and the nerve endings from the finger send signals to the cerebellum by means of the spinal cord. Here, the brain interprets the sense of touch as hot and hurting and therefore sends signals via arm muscles to move the arm away. In this example, the reaction time is the difference between the organism touching the hot water and time it took to pull the arm away. The response stimulus, the signal that indicates an organism should respond, is the cerebellum because it is indicating that there is an unpleasant feeling and the arm should move away. Thus, the cerebellum undergoes sensory encoding; it deciphers the signal from the nerves of the finger as a sensory phenomenon (in this case touch). The cerebellum identifies the stimulus as pain (stimulus identification) and selects a response stimulus such as pulling the arm away. At this point in the scenario, the cerebellum makes a response selection that communicates to the muscles to move the arm away. When the arm physically moves, the response execution is occurring. With this kept in mind, it is important to also take note of the different types of reaction time experiments including: simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time. During simple reaction time a subject must react to the presence of the response stimulus, such as the process that occurred with the hot water streaming from the faucet. Disjunctive reaction time occurs when a subject will have more than one choice of responses to a stimulus. Therefore, a subject must not only react to the response signal, but they must also identify which response is appropriate. In this situation, reaction time delay may be attributed to the process of identifying which response is appropriate. Disjunctive reaction time is used for the purposes of the â€Å"Reaction Time† experiment with the use of modality and warning signals as independent variables. Though the two types of reaction time experiments differ, both simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time undergo similar processes including: sensory encoding, stimulus identification, response selection and response execution (as described earlier). Each step of the processes is essential as they help explain the lag difference between reaction time and stimulus detection. The difference in reaction time to a stimulus can specifically be attributed to response stimulus modality. Response stimulus modality refers to the type of sensory medium that the signal acts upon, in this case auditory or visual perception. In the previous work of Woodworth and Schlosberg (1954), it was found the auditory stimulus was 40 milliseconds (ms) faster than the visual stimulus with regard to reaction time. The experimenters continued to hypothesize the difference was due to organ structure, in which audition was found to be a mechanical process (allowing for quicker reactions) and vision established as a chemical process, resulting in slower reaction times (Woodworth Schlosberg, 1954). The difference in reaction time was essential as it provided a basic scientific knowledge of the underlying mechanism involved in completing a reaction time modality activity. Elliot (1968) wrote about the studies of simple visual and simple auditory reaction times suggesting that most if not all of the difference in a longer reaction time was attributed to the failure of prior experimenters (like Woodward and Schlosberg) to accurately target the fovea of the eye. More specifically, he argued that if the eye was not fixated on the target, then the stimulus would hit peripheral areas know to yield slower reaction times than does with the fovea area (the fovea is a small depression in the macula lutea of the retina, containing the area of most distinct vision). When the fovea was targeted at 0 degrees of visual arc the delay was reduced to 17 milliseconds, compared to Woodward and Schlosberg 40 ms, due to the increased number of photoreceptors located at the fovea. Elliot also observed that as distances from the fovea increased, reaction time also slowed down (Elliot, 1968). Though Elliot controlled the experiment in regards to peripheral vision and distance, it was still found that differences in modality could continue to account for the differences in reaction time. Kohfeld (1971) however, explained the differences between auditory stimulus reaction time and visual stimulus reaction time as invalid because both stimuli could not be measured on the same scale. He furthermore emphasized that special considerations were needed to be taken when comparing auditory and visual stimuli, in effort to ensure proper measurement validity. Kohfeld argued the intensity of the auditory signal was greater than the intensity of the visual signal when place on the same scale; this scale was measured in decibels. His findings indicated that if the stimulus was presented at less then 30 decibels the difference could be attributed to an unrecognizable stimulation of photoreceptors, however when presented at greater than 30 decibels there was no difference in reaction time for modality (Kohfeld, 1971). Kohfeld contributed to the â€Å"Reaction Time† study as he controlled for the experiment by measuring the two stimuli on the same scale, which was measured in decibels. In this experiment, warning signals were also examined with regards to reaction time involving auditory and visual stimuli. A warning signal is essentially a signal that informs the organism a response stimulus is about to be presented. Furthermore, an optimal preparatory state for the warning signal can be reached, but will only be maintained for a brief period of time. An optimal preparatory state is the duration of time in which a person suspects for a stimulus. Participants can bring about peaks of preparation and respond more quickly as these peaks have more temporal overlap with the auditory response stimulus in comparison to a visual stimulus. A warning signal continues to alert participants that a response signal will occur soon, thus allowing them to prepare to respond. During the preparatory period or foreperiod, the period directly following a warning signal and before a response signal, a participant can undergo a mixed block or pure block set of trials. A mixed block is a set of trials with differentiating timed foreperiods (the exact number and duration of these periods is set by the experimenter). A pure block is a set of trials featuring only one timed foreperiod duration. More specifically, if a mixed block has been set by the experimenter then varying time between the preparatory periods are made before the response signal, whereas a pure block of trials features only one preparatory period or duration before a response signal. Another important spect of mixed block and pure block trials is the critical moment. The critical moment is the possible time needed of a response stimulus relative to the warning signal to sustain optimal preparatory states in a set of trials. In the case of a mixed block, the number of critical moments is equal to the number of foreperiods being used, while a pure block has only one critical moment. Lastly, in the experiment for â€Å"Reaction Time,† imperative moment can also be measured and is the actual time it takes to complete a response in a given trial. Foley and Dewis (1960) examined the relationships between the duration of the foreperiod and the duration of the warning signal in simple reaction time experiments and found that effective foreperiods starting with the onset of a warning signal and a two second effective foreperiod resulted in significantly faster reaction times in comparison to four or eight second foreperiod reaction times without warning signals. Onset of a warning signal indicates to the participant to be ready to respond by its advent. Foley Dewis, 1960). Foley and Dewis’s contributed to â€Å"Reaction Time† experiment as they examined varying times between the preparatory periods and the response signals, not to mention the onset of warning signals. In the experiment conducted by Roger Blackman (1966), it was suggested that the warning signal used in a reaction time experiment may influence two factors, which affect a participant’s readiness to respond and include: temporal uncertainty and expectancy. Temporal uncertainty is the inability of a participant to estimate the moment of presentation of an expected event, or for the purpose of â€Å"Reaction Time† a stimulus. For example, if a participant has to synchronize a response with the onset of a response signal, the variance in response latency increases positively with the foreperiod. Thus, as the foreperiod increases, the time uncertainty will increase. In congruence with the â€Å"Reaction Time† experiment, the increase in time uncertainty is assumed to reduce the participant’s preparatory state at the imperative moment, which in turn prolongs reaction time as well. In the case of pure blocks, time uncertainty is the only factor that determines the variation in the preparatory state, which continues to explain the observed reaction time increase as a function of foreperiod (Blackman, 1966). Another variable affecting a participant’s readiness to respond is expectancy. In mixed blocks, time uncertainty is considered to be controlled by the expectancy of the participant in regards to which of several critical moments is going to be important on a given trial. This assumes that participants in a mixed block will form a belief about when the response signal will occur. The closer the response signal occurs to the time the participant believes it will, the faster the participant’s reaction time will be. Blackman (1966) validated that warning signals help reduce temporal uncertainty, in which reaction time on trials with a warning signal will be faster than trials without warning signals (Blackman, 1966) Like Blackman, Pekka Niemi (1981) was particularly interested in simple visual and auditory reaction processes, with the most emphasis on preparatory periods. He found there were foreperiod variables which affected reaction time and included: duration, regularity, range, distribution, and preceding foreperiods. He also examined factors affecting the relationship between foreperiods and reaction times including: modality, intensity, probability, and duration of the warning signal and reaction stimulus. Through his research a subject’s expectancy is the most important determinant of the preparation to respond to the reaction stimulus at any moment during a trial. Niemi furthermore found that other factors have a direct influence on preparation and include: short-term exhaustion and fatigue and immediate arousal evoked by intense auditory stimuli (Niemi, 1981). Much of what has learned to be the source of difference in reaction time can be attributed to both preceding foreperiods and expectancy. From the works of Woodworth and Schlosberg (1954), Elliot (1968), Kohfeld (1971) on modality, it is predicted auditory signals will be reacted to faster than visual signals in the â€Å"Reaction Time† experiment and that both stimuli will provide significant results in the differences in reaction time. Also, because of findings from Foley (1960), Blackman (1966), and Niemi (1981) on warning signals, it is predicted the presence of a warning signal will cause a faster reaction to the stimulus in comparison to a reaction time in which no warning signal was present. When the two factors are simultaneously combined it is predicted the faster reaction time will occur when a temporal warning signal are present and slower reaction times will result when a visual stimulus is presented without a warning signal. Method Participants A total of 24 students from the University of Cincinnati participated in the research for the experiment â€Å"Reaction Time† with an age range from 19 to 30 and a mean age of 23. Participation was voluntary and students participated from Dr. Warm’s 381 Research Methods class to provide data for the first laboratory report. The data collected was composed from both male and females, where females were numbered under the â€Å"age column† as one and males were numbered under the â€Å"age column† as two (Appendix C). Each participant received 36 trials including nine consecutive trials under each of the following conditions: bar onset/ acoustic signal, bar offset/ acoustic signal, bar onset/ visual signal, and bar offset/ visual signal. Nevertheless, the same 23 students participated in all conditions. All participants were treated in an ethical manner (American Psychological Association, 1992). Experimental Design During the experiment two sensory modalities, audition and vision were combined with two levels of warning signal status. The two levels of warning signal status were signal onset and signal offset. This provided a total of four experimental conditions and is described as a two by two repeated measures design. Apparatus Reaction Time was an experiment conducted via a Pentium IV PC computer using SuperLabs software, in which all stimuli were randomized by means of the Pentium IV PC computer. The computer recorded reaction time in milliseconds (msec). The stimuli involved for the purposes of this experiment include: signal onset, signal offset, audition stimuli and visual stimuli. Preparatory intervals of 2. 1, 2. 4, and 2. 7 seconds were delineated by either the onset or offset of a warning bar located in the center of the screen of the Pentinum IV PC computer (it is 29 mm long). Furthermore, a warning bar onset remained illuminated until subject responded to the signal. Procedure Each participant from this study received 36 trials including nine consecutive trials under each of the following conditions: bar onset/ acoustic signal, bar offset/ acoustic signal, bar onset/ visual signal, and bar offset/ visual signal. Twelve separate condition sequences were randomly assigned to the participants of the study. The 12 condition sequences were as follows: (1234), (1324), (4231), (4321), (2143), (2413), (3142), (3412), (1342), (1432), (2341), (2431), (3124), (3214), (4123), and (4213). Furthermore, the order of preparatory intervals was randomly varied by the computer for each participant; each preparatory interval appears three times within each block of nine trials. Stimuli were given on an average of rate of 1 trial every eight point four seconds, where the maximum stimulus duration was two seconds. Hence the signal to be detected vanished as soon as the participant responded appropriately. Before the actual progression of the experiment, participants were given five practice trials. First place the disc in the disc drive and turn the computer and the monitor on. Now wait for the light on the disk drive to go off and follow the instructions provided by the computer. The computer screen will display a message that says â€Å"PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO GO ON TO THE FIRST CONDITION’S PRACTICE TRIALS,† in which the experimenter can bring in and seat the participant. The experimenter will then proceed to ask the participant which hand is his or her preferred hand (left or right) and read to the participant how to participate in the study via the space bar on the computer and will explain that there will be four portions to the experiment. The experimenter also mentions at the beginning of each portion, the participant will receive five practice trials. If, at any point during the practice, the participant has questions, they are free to ask them. After the participant finishes the practice trials of the experiment, the experimenter will press the space bar to continue and the participant will read instructions for the first part of the experiment. During this portion of the experiment a bar will appear in the center of the screen. The bar is the warning signal indicating to the participant they should prepare to respond. Shortly after the bar has appeared, the participant will hear a tone. Whenever the participant hears the tone, they are to press the space bar as quickly as they can. Now, the experimenter will once again press the space bar to begin the practice trial and the participant is to respond just as they did in the practice trials, the only difference being that all of the trials presented before them will be given a rest and therefore the participants are to continue until they are told to stop. Once the participant finishes this portion of the experiment, the experimenter can press the space bar to continue. Now, the participant will look for a bar on the computer screen which will disappear from the center of the screen soon after. This is the warning signal indicating to the participant to respond. Shortly after the bar has disappeared, the participant will hear a tone. Whenever they hear the tone, they are to press the space bar on the computer as quickly as they can. Once again, the experimenter presses the space bar to begin the practice. During the next portion of the experiment, the participant is to respond just as they did in prior practice trials, except now it is not a practice trial. The experimenter will press the space bar and explain to the participant what they are to do for the third portion of the experiment. During the third portion of the experiment a bar will appear in the center of the screen. This is the warning signal indicating to the participant to prepare to respond. Shortly after the bar has appeared, the participant will see a small black of light appear. The experimenter will press the space bar to begin the practice. Once the practice is over, the participant will take part in the actual experiment just as they did in the practice trials. The experimenter will then press the space bar to continue and will read the following instructions for part four of the experiment. During this portion of the experiment, a bar will appear and then disappear from the center of the screen. This is the warning signal indicating to the participant that they should prepare to respond. Shortly after the bar has disappeared, they will see a small bloc of light appear near the center of the screen. Whenever the participant sees the bar appear, they are to be prepared to respond The experimenter presses the space bar to continue and when the task is completed explains the next part of the experiment. During the next portion of the experiment, the experimenter is to respond just as they did in the practice trials. The only difference now is that it is no longer a practice trial. The experimenter can press the space bar to continue so that the task can be completed by the participant. At the end of the experiment, the computer will read â€Å"END OF EXPERIMENT. PRESS SPACE BAR TO LIST RESULTS. † Now, you can thank the subject for his or her participation and guide them to the nearest exit. In order to recover the results, press the space bar to list the results as instructed by the computer and copy the results exactly as listed. Also label the data sheet accordingly as it appears on the screen. Lastly, to prepare for the next participant, turn the computer off, wait ten seconds, then turn the computer back on and do back to the step that starts out with computer instructions. When finished in the lab, be sure to turn off the computer monitor, clean the lab area and close the door behind you. Results Even more so the experiment closely examines the differences in reaction time between visual and audition stimuli and the onset and offset of warning signals. Early on in the experiment we examine the relationship of reaction time differences in visual and auditory stimuli and found, through the course of the experiment, that auditory stimuli had lower mean score difference in reaction time than visual stimuli. This assumes the notion, established by Woodward and Schlosberg, that audition stimuli had faster reaction times in comparison to visual reaction time. One variable possibly accounting for this difference includes the underlying processes involved for the synthesis of these reactions. More specifically, it was noted by Woodward and Scholsberg (1954) slower reaction times of visual stimuli were attributed to the chemical processes, whereas faster reaction times of auditory stimuli can be attributed to mechanical processes (Woodworth Scholsberg, 1954). The difference in mean reaction time for auditory and visual stimuli is about 19 seconds, which is very close to the difference Elliot (1968) accounted for, which was said to be about 17 seconds. Variances in these times can be accounted for due to the possibility the computer screen was not placed at eye level and therefore, according to Elliot, may have affected the visual arc (Elliot, 1968). Lastly, Kohfeld (1971) contribution to the â€Å"Reaction Time† experiment was essential as he controlled for the experiment by measuring the two stimuli on the same scale (Kohfeld, 1971). Warning signals also significantly impacted the results of reaction time differences, due to the effects of onset and offset of warning signals, expectancy, and duration of foreperiods. For example, the results of the experiment for auditory stimuli paired up with warning signals reflected faster reaction times in comparison to auditory stimuli without warning signals (this was also true for visual stimuli with and without warning signals). According to Foley and Dewis (1960) effective foreperiods starting with the onset of a warning signal resulted in significantly faster reaction times and can be validated as a possible underlying variables in the differences in the lag of time (Foley Dewis, 1960). Furthermore, in the experiment conducted by Roger Blackman (1966), it was suggested that the warning signal used in a reaction time experiment may influence two factors, which affect a participant’s readiness to respond and include: temporal uncertainty and expectancy . More specifically, if the participant tried to synchronize a response with the onset of a response signal, the variance in response latency increased positively with the foreperiod. Thus, as the foreperiod increased so did the time uncertainty (Blackman, 1966). Like Blackman, Pekka Niemi (1981) was particularly interested in simple isual and auditory reaction processes, with the most emphasis on preparatory periods. He found there were foreperiod underlying variables which affected reaction time and included: duration, regularity, range, distribution, and preceding foreperiods. Through his research a participant’s expectancy was the most important determinant of the preparation to respond to the reaction stimulus at any moment during a trial. Niemi furthermore found that other factors have a direct influence on preparation and include: short-term exhaustion and fatigue and immediate arousal evoked by intense auditory stimuli (Neimi, 1981). These variables combined may account for the differences in reaction time for both modality and warning signals. From the experiment, significant evidence provided an interaction of the independent variables (modality and warning signals), in which the faster reaction time included an auditory stimulus paired with the onset of warning signals and the slower reaction times included the visual stimulus paired with the offset of warning signals Though the experiment â€Å"Reaction Time† provided expected results from predictions early on, the delay in time variance may be attributed to systematic and experimental errors in the experiment itself. For example, the computer was placed below eye level and therefore the visual stimuli for reaction time could be delayed due to the lack of optimal perception. Also, if was hard to tell if a person hit the space bar every time, or if they held down the space bar too long during the response. If the person did not actually hit the space bar every time data may be invalid, or if the response was taken after the space bar was held down for a long period of time then data may also be mis-represented. To improve the results for future experiments one might conduct an experiment where the computer was placed at eye level for optimal perception. One may also record the number of times the space bar was actually hit in comparison to the number of recorded signals. Lastly, the experimenter may define the response period as the time the space bar is actually hit versus released.