Analysis of Hip-Hop and Youth Culture Essay -- Papers

Analysis of belt and Youth Culture Throughout the last twenty-five years, a new form of expression has continue to evolve. Hip-Hop, once limited to urban music and dance has become a widespread form of communication exhibited and enjoyed by young people throughout the world. Hip-Hop is no longer limited to rap music and break dancing today it represents a multi-billion dollar industry that influences everything from fashion to prime- time television programming, maestro sports, mass media marketing and advertising. Today Hip-Hop is becoming a way of life, a culture that is intricately woven into every aspect of young peoples day-to-day lives. We may not necessarily be consciously aware of it, but what we are saying, what we are wearing and our musical cinematography choices can be subtly influenced by Hip-Hop culture This Hip-Hop emerging culture has similarities to other cultures that have emerged throughout history. Hip-Hop was initially born of the ability of those early practitioners of rap music, DJ wizardry and street-corner fashion creation to overcome their inability to gain acceptance and recognition by the established music, fashion and entertainment industries. Further floor the fledgling culture was the lack of acceptance by adult culture, which refused to recognise these newly emerging forms of expression as legitimate. This was particularly true where many parents were concerned. needless to say, if parents and other authority figures didnt understand Hip-Hop, didnt like it and, in many instances, admonished young people for embracing it, young people were even more compelled to further ingest t... ...is view is indicative of the mindset of many in Hip-Hop culture. Whether subscribing to the ideology of being gangsta or simply being radical in their thinking and views of the world, the divided up theme throughout Hip-Hop is being real. It is perhaps in this being real that the cultur e finds its willingness to be arrogant and unapologetic in its snotty-nosed disregard for anyone that does not appreciate what Hip-Hop is. Therein also lies some of the confusion because there is as stated earlier no one accordant theme regarding what Hip-Hop are. From the bling-bling of such Hip-Hop artists as 50 Cent, to the cross-over influences of Black Eyed Peas and to the pimpish styling of Snoop Dogg, the themes are as broad and conflicted as the frequent disagreements and altercations that tog up between various camps in Hip-Hop.

Vineyard provinces of Iran Essay -- Agriculture, Grape Production

Grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. is one of the most important pests of grape vine in most parts of the country. Losses caused by larval feeding leads to break up plant activities, reduction in flower buds and ultimately decreased quality and quantity of the crop. In order to study seasonal flight activity of Lobesia botrana and to memorize spraying time, experiments were conducted for two consecutive years at two different orchards in Sissakht region in 1999-2000. The seasonal flight of Lobesia botrana was investigated by using pheromone traps and assemblage samples from eggs, larva and pupa stages of the pest. The results showed that Lobesia botrana has three generations with an incomplete 4th in the region. Damage of first and forth generation is very low. The grape vine fruits can be mainly damaged by the second and third generation of Lobesia botrana that will happen about ten days after the adult emergency. Regarding to the results, spraying should be done dur ing two weeks from 9th Lobesia botrana for the near year.Key Words Lobesia botrana, Population dynamics, Pheromone traps, spraying.IntroductionGrape is one of the major economical products in Iran. Kohkiluyeh-Va-Boyer- Ahmad has been long one of the Vineyard provinces of Iran. According to statistics of 2005, there was 1900 hectares chthonic cultivation (700 hectares of sapling and 1200 hectares of fruitful trees) with the production of 1250 metric ton, an average of 12500 Kg per hectare 5, 7. The vineyards of Kohkiluyeh-Va-Buyer-Ahmad are mostly in the counties of Buyer-Ahmad, Sissakht (Dena) and Kohkiluyeh 10.Lobesia botrana is one of the most important pest causing practiced damages to vineyards in Iran and around the world. In some years, ... ... 11, May13 18, MayEnd of 2nd gen26, May 5, June25, May 4, JuneStart of 2nd gen.5 12, June4 11, June locomote climax of 2nd gen.19 26, June18 25, JuneEnd of 2nd gen17 31, July13 28, JulyStart of 3rd gen.31, July 11, August2 8, July 13, AugustFly climax of 3rd gen.20 27, August22 29, AugustEnd of 3rd gen3 9, September6 16, SeptemberStart of 4th gen.9 16 September16 24, September Figure 1. Population dynamics vine moth in Sissakhat region (plain) 2007-2008 Figure2. Population dynamics vine moth in Sissakhat region (Mountain). 2007-2008 Figure 3a. mutant curve daily Min and Max temperature (Celsius). 2007 Figure 3b. Fluctuation curve daily Min and Max temperature (Celsius). 2008 Figure 4. Exit trend adults overwintering in science lab conditions (2008).References

Rates of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid will affect the speed of the come in of reaction when reacting with Magnesium Ribbon.I want to find out whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid willaffect the speed of the rate of reaction when reacting with MagnesiumRibbon.VariablesThere are twain important item-by-item variables in my investigation thefirst of which is the concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid usedduring the investigation. The concentration of the acid will partlydetermine how dissipated the reaction takes place, if we put some of theatomic number 12 ribbon into the HCL at 2 hoagie thus it might have simplydissolved within a few seconds and then I would not have had m torecord down any decent enough results to plot a graph with. The otherimportant independent variable that will affect the speed of the rateof reaction is the length of magnesium ribbon. We need to put enoughMg Ribbon into the HCL so that it doesnt run out straight away butalso so that the experimen t stops by itself once the gas syringe hasfilled up.The reasons for choosing these two independent variables are that itwould be too hard to try and find a catalyst for this experiment acatalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reactionwithout being consumed in the reaction. Finding a catalyst for thisparticular experiment could take months never mind the amount of timewe have been given for our experiment.The independent variable that I will change is going to be thehydrochloric acid, we will use 50ml of HCL at the following molarityconcentrations 2molar, 1.6molar, 1.2molar, 0.8 molar and 0.4 molar. Ihave decided to experiment with these different strengths of molarbecause I think it will give a wide set of results to put into agraph.The dependant variable I shall be measuring will be the time it takesfor the magnesium to completely react with the hydrochloric acid, Ishall record the times for individually concentration of hydrochloric acidthree times so that i t makes it a fair test.To ensure the investigation is fair we will use the same length ofmagnesium ribbon for all the different strengths of hydrochloric acidand the length will be the one that we picked out from the preliminaryexperiments. Another way in which we will apply the investigation fairwill be to carry out an experiment at each concentration ofhydrochloric acid three times so that we weed then get hopefully aroundthe same outcome from each experiment, and if there are any anomalieswe can try to explain why they happened.

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. :: Essays Papers

Kurt Vonnegut Jr.Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born November 11, 1922, in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of,Kurt Vonnegut, Sr., a successful architect, and Edith Sophia Vonnegut. He had dickensolder siblings, a brother Bernard, and a sister Alice. He attended Short ridge highschool. This is where he first realized his talent for writing. He was the editor of theschool newspaper. Kurt graduated in 1940, and after high school, attended CornellUniversity and studied bio-chemistry, and was also a columnist and editor of theCornell daily sun. However, because of bad grades, Kurt build himself almost flunkingout of Cornell University. He saved himself from expulsion by joining the army in1942. While in the army, several devastating experiences happened to Kurt. First in1944, he received the news that his mother had committed suicide. A few monthslater Kurt was captured by the German Army. He was forced to produce a vitaminenriched malt for pregnant women. While doing this he happened to survive thefirebombing of Dresden. His book Slaughterhouse-five is partially about the bombingof Dresden. subsequently being rescued by the Soviets, Vonnegut returned home. He was working asa Police Reporter for the Chicago News Bureau and studying anthropology at theUniversity of Chicago. He later go to Schenectedy, New York. Here he workedin Press Relations for the General Electric Plant. This experience that led to thecreation of his first novel Player Piano, . It was after the publication of this novel that he moved to Rhode Island, while in addition to writing short stories, he taught HighSchool English and opened the first Saab dealership in the United States. Afterrealizing the shrinking of the Short Story market, he began concentrating entirely on

Hemp Rediscovered :: essays papers

Hemp Rediscovered Make the most of the hemp seed and sow it every where, a quote by George Washington in 1794 (qtd. In squeeze the Scoop). In early Ameri fag end history hemp was an essential crop, it was used to make rope, sails, lamp oil, and almost anything else. Henry ford built a railcar out of hemp than ran on hemp fuel oil. The original Levi jeans were fashi superstard out of hemp fibers. And even the first drafts of the Declaration of Independence and the US disposition were written on hemp paper (Get The Scoop). In fact, hemp was one of the largest produced crops in the US until its demise in 1937 beneath the Marihuana Tax Act. This act of congress was aimed at Americas newest enemy, marijuana or cannabis sativa C, but the bill also criminalized the cultivation of marijuanas first cousin cannabis sativa L, commonly referred to as hemp. Hemp had one more day in the spot light in 1942 when it was called into battle in World state of war II under a flag that rea d Hemp for victory (About). The Tax Act was quickly reenacted after the war and hemp has not been grown legally on American soil since. The reason hemp is such a valuable plant, is that it grows fast, dense, and easily. The germination period for hemp is about one hundred days depending on the application for which it is being used (About). In comparison with other cash crops this is good, but in comparison with about of the resources it can replace, such as trees and fossil fuel, there is nothing better. Hemp provides a much higher yield than other American cash crops, and can be used for so many things that its market value should remain stable with increased production. Also, hemp can be grown without pesticides and it rattling replenishes the soil so it can be rotated with other crops to produce higher yields of bath (Field 1).The maintainability of the hemp industry relies on demand, but with hemps 25,000 different uses this is no great barrier (About). With current pr ocessing technology every part of the cannabis sativa L plant is useful. The seeds can he hulled and used in food for flavor and as a protein supplement. These seeds can also be crushed into hemp-seed oil which is used as lamp oil or as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics and soaps.

Hemp Rediscovered :: essays papers

Hemp Rediscovered Make the most of the hemp seed and sow it every where, a quote by George majuscule in 1794 (qtd. In Get the Scoop). In early Ameri piece of ass history hemp was an essential crop, it was use to make rope, sails, lamp oil, and almost anything else. Henry fording built a car out of hemp than ran on hemp fuel oil. The original Levi jeans were fashioned out of hemp fibers. And even the first drafts of the closure of Independence and the US Constitution were written on hemp paper (Get The Scoop). In fact, hemp was one of the largest produced crops in the US until its demise in 1937 under the Marihuana Tax Act. This act of congress was aimed at Americas newest enemy, marijuana or cannabis sativa C, just now the bill also criminalized the farming of marijuanas cousin cannabis sativa L, commonly referred to as hemp. Hemp had one more day in the spot light in 1942 when it was called into troth in World War II under a flag that read Hemp for victory (About). T he Tax Act was quickly reenacted aft(prenominal) the war and hemp has not been grown legally on American soil since. The reason hemp is such a valuable plant, is that it grows fast, dense, and easily. The germination decimal point for hemp is about one hundred days depending on the application for which it is being used (About). In comparison with opposite cash crops this is good, but in comparison with some of the resources it can replace, such as trees and fossil fuel, there is nothing better. Hemp provides a much higher yield than other American cash crops, and can be used for so many things that its market value should remain stable with increased production. Also, hemp can be grown without pesticides and it actually replenishes the soil so it can be rotated with other crops to produce higher yields of bath (Field 1).The maintainability of the hemp industry relies on demand, but with hemps 25,000 different uses this is no great barrier (About). With current processing technology every part of the cannabis sativa L plant is useful. The seeds can he hulled and used in food for flavor and as a protein supplement. These seeds can also be crushed into hemp-seed oil which is used as lamp oil or as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics and soaps.

Conceptualization of Culture and Language in Post Colonial Literature Essay

Culture and Language are the major issues in the post colonial theory. My assignment will deal with these three factors in terms of colonial perspectives. The post colonialism mainly explores the ideas such as pagan diversity, geographical dimensions, Diasporas, race, ethnicity, marginality, crossingity, rural areaal identities, heathenish trans governing bole, changes and politics in oral communication etcConsiderations of hybridity run the range from existential to material, semipolitical to economic, yet this discussion will not be able to tease prohibited the extensive implications of each consideration. Rather, this discussion aims to explore the notion of hybridity theoretically, synthesizing the vast automobile trunk of literature to critique essentialist notions of identity as fixed and constant. According to my understanding of Hybridity, there are three ways in which hybridity might serve as a tool for deconstructing the rigid labels that maintain social inequi ties with exclusion in race, lyric and nation.By exploring how the hybrid rejects asseverates of bonds within race, wrangle, and nation, I understood that cultural studies like these are imperative in considering the politics of representation. For the purposes of this discussion, the cultural hybridity refers to the integration of cultural bodies, signs, and lend one and only(a)selfs from the colonizing and the colonized purifications. The contemporary cultural landscape is an amalgam of cross-cultural influences, blended, patch- figureed, and shape upon one another.Un hold back and fluid, culture is hybrid and interstitial, moving between spaces of meaning. The notion of cultural hybridity has existed far before it was popularized in postcolonial theory as culture arising fall come forth of interactions between colonizers and the colonized. However, in this time after imperialism, globalization has both expanded the reach of Western culture, as well as allowed a bear up on by which the West constantly interacts with the East, appropriating cultures for its own means and continually shifting its own signifiers of dominant culture.This hybridity is woven into every corner of edict, from trendy fusion culinary art to Caribbean rhythms in pop music to the hyphenated identities that signify ethnic Ameri arouses, illuminating the lived experience of ties to a dominant culture blending with the cultural codes of a Third worldly c erstwhilern culture. Framing Cultural Hybridity in post colonial context Among postcolonial theorists, there is a wide consensus that hybridity arose out of the culturally internalized interactions between colonizers and the colonized and the dichotomous formation of these identities.Considered by some the father of hybrid theory, Homi Bhabha argued that colonizers and the colonized are mutually dependent in constructing a shared culture. His text The Location of Culture (1994) bespeaked that there is a Third Space of Enuncia tion in which cultural systems are constructed. In this claim, he aimed to create a new language and mode of describing the identity of Selves and Others.Bhabha says It puzzles crucial to distinguish between the semblance and similitude of the symbols across diverse cultural experiences such as literature, art, music, Ritual, life, death and the social specificity of each of these productions of meaning as they circulate as signs within specific contextual locations and social systems of value. The trans subject field dimension of cultural transformation migration, diaspora, displacement, relocation makes the put to work of cultural translation a interwoven form of signification.The naturalized, unifying discourse of nation, peoples, or authentic folk tradition, those embedded myths of cultures particularity, cannot be readily referenced. The great, though unsettling, advantage of this position is that it makes you increasingly aware of the construction of culture and the invent ion of tradition. In using words like diaspora, displacement, relocation, Bhabha illustrates the dynamic nature of culture, and the flimsy consistency of the historic narratives that cultures entrust upon to draw boundaries and delineate themselves.As a result, culture cannot be limnd in and of it, but rather must be seen within the context of its construction. More significantly, Bhabha draws attention to the creed of cultural narratives upon the other. In illuminating this mutual construction of culture, studies of hybridity can offer the opportunity for a counter-narrative, a means by which the dominated can repossess shared ownership of a culture that relies upon them for meaning. This theoretical erspective will serve as the foundation for the considerations explored in this paper, employing hybridity as a powerful tool for outpouring from the domination imposed by bounded definitions of race, language, and nation. RACE Racial hybridity, or the integration of cardinal ra ces which are assumed to be distinct and separate entities, can be considered first in terms of the physical consistency. Historically, the corporeal hybrid was birthed from two symbolic poles, a bodily representation of colonizer and colonized.These mixed births, mestizo, mulatto, muwallad, were stigmatized as a physical representation of impure blood, and this racism long served as a tool of power that maintained that even in this blending of two bodies, just one drop of black blood would deem the body impure and alien, an abomination. Institutionalized racism created a perpetual state of ambiguity and placelessness for the hybrid body and prevented cultural inclusion via race.However, the expanse of immigration since colonialism and the spectrum of shades of visible difference point to an increasingly hybrid populace in which these classifications of black and whiten no longer carry the same power of representation, yet the old labels persist. This labeling is significant as it elucidates the continuing power of racial labels in a society set on fixing bodies in racial space by binding them to labels, which are understood to contain fixed truths.I argue that utilizing the abstract tool of hybridity to deconstruct these labels allows a means by which hybrid individuals can come together in powerful solidarity, rather than allowing their ambiguous place in racial space to render them invisible. Harnessing racial hybridity to project the simultaneously unique but common experience of hybridity can be a means by which the individual subject can join to a marginal community through stories and partial memories. Furthermore, racial hybridity must harness the dualistic experience of passing, or being mistaken for a race other than ones own.All identities involve passing to some extent, in that a subjects self can never truly match its image, but racial passing implicitly deconstructs the boundaries of Black and White. In passing, hybridity might function not as a conflict or struggle between two racial identities, but instead as constant movement between spaces, passing through and between identity itself without origin or arrival. The freedom to move between identities carries its own power in defying the claims of essentialized racial identity.Furthermore, the bounded labels of race do not account for the historical and geographic narratives that lie behind each body and inform their identity. In Black Africans and Native Americans, Jack Forbes explores the disconnect between racial labels and the consciousness of the bodies behind them using Native Americans and Africans as examples by which groups are forced into arbitrary categories render their ethnic heritage simple rather than complex. As a result, hybridity calls into question the boundaries of racial consciousness as a hybrid consciousness defies the imposed limits of race.The management of these identities becomes its own sort of performance, as the body negotiates each conscio usness in different spaces. Again, the ability to play multiple roles, to pass in different arenas, carries significant power. In embodying the inability to bind identities to race, racial hybridity both in the physical body and in consciousness offers a means of deconstructing the boundaries of dichotomous racial identities. In addition to race, language has long been bound in definitions as a symbol of nation and a mode of exclusion.As a means to connect with other social beings, communicating with language is a meaningful performance in that speaking requires two parties, one to perform language and an audience to observe and absorb language. During colonialism, as the colonizers language dominated national institutions, the sense of being outside and othered was instilled in the colonized as their language and means of communication was stripped away. Now in a time after colonialism, can the colonized ever right a language long lost, or has the colonizers language become their own?Has ownership of the colonizers language expanded over time? Fanons theorizing addresses the power of language in the formation of identity as he says, To speak . . . means above all to assume a culture, to support the weight of a civilization,. He suggests that speaking the language of the colonizer stands in as acceptance or coercion into accepting a role in culture. Yet in accepting a role, whether by choice or force, the meaning of the culture shifts and evolves. No longer does it belong to the colonizer, as it relies upon the colonized to fall flat it shape.Similarly, with the introduction of a new set of users performing a language, the language no longer exists as it was it has shifted in meaning. Beyond the thematic implications of language, hybridity has inspired an immense movement in literary discourse and understandings of the very way language is managed and owned. Herskovits developed the notion of syncretism, a theory attempting to explain why certain cultural f orms are carried and others lost. Similarly, Claude Levi-Strauss developed the term bricolage to describe mixed forms within narratives.Creolization describes the lingual blending of dominant and subdominant cultures. These examples illustrate the broad realm of studies that have developed simply around the use of hybridized language. In an analysis of the rise of the hybrid music music genre in postmodern literature, Kapchan and Strong say, Hybridization has become one such analytic allegory, defining lines of interest and affiliation among scholars of popular and literary culture, perhaps quite an unintentionally. The extent to which these authors use the metaphor of hybridity consciously and concisely differs.That they use it, however, qualifies hybridity as one of several tropes, or forms of metaphoric predication, that most epitomize the scholarship of the fit decade, . Not only does this observation imply that the body of hybridized literature is growing, harkening to the r ising voices and representations of the hybrid, but that hybridity is becoming normalized as an accepted form of literature and the purist notion of genre is diminishing. Furthermore, the use of a colonizers language by the colonized to speak of the crimes of colonialism is its own transgression and act of resistance.In taking ownership of the language, changing the way that it is use, the boundaries of language as belonging to a specific place or race are dissolved. Jahan Ramazanis Hybrid Muse is an analytical critical review of the numbers that has arisen from the hybridization of the English muse with the long-resident muses of Africa, India, the Caribbean, and other decolonizing territories of the British Empire (2001). A hybrid himself, Ramazani suggests that the use of indigenous metaphors, rhythms, creoles, and genres has allowed a new form of poetry that not only speaks of the violence and displacement of colonialism, but embodies it in its very form.These hybrid poetries can be viewed as a gateway to understanding those once deemed unfamiliar, and hybridity of language becomes a way by which to deconstruct borders and relate to collectives across cultural boundaries. Further, hybridity must interrogate the notion that nationality is essential zed in a distinct culture that geographic borders somehow embody inherent knowledge or truth about the people they contain. Mamdani asks, How do you tell who is indigenous to the ground and who is not? Given a history of migration, what is the dividing line between the indigenous and the nonindigenous? . He addresses the nationalist concern over entitlement to nation, and the indigenous wish to lay claim to culture. I understood that theories of hybridity, in clarifying the shifting and indefinite nature of culture, can serve as a tool that complicate the nationalist exclusionary practice of determining who does and does not have claim to a nation. From health care to immigration, his arguments resonate loud ly with current events. Similarly, we must consider the ways in which the intimacys that give culture meaning are unfixed and variable, negating essentialist arguments about inherent meanings of culture.In The Predicament of Culture, James Clifford (1988) analyzes sites including anthropology, museums, and travel writing to take a critical descriptive anthropology of the West and its shifting relationships with other societies. He demonstrates how other national cultures are in fact fictions and mythical narratives, and we must ask the question of representation and who has the effectiveness to speak for a groups identity. In his article Diasporas, he suggests that The old localizing strategies by bounded community, by organic culture, by region, by center of attention and periphery may obscure as much as they reveal.Diaspora is defined as a history of dispersal, myths/memories of the homeland, alienation in the host country, swear for eventual return, ongoing support of the hom eland, and a collective identity importantly defined by this relationship. In this consideration of culture, we understand the vast connotations of displacement, from asking which history the diasporic should identify with to asking if it is even possible to return to a homeland one never knew or left long ago.Second, in the representation of culture, be it by petrifying culture in a museum or nailing it to an anthropological account, the risk lies in taking these subjective moments as truths or knowledge. Furthermore, the far-reaching diasporic symbols and narratives that snowball into this thing we call national culture suggest that culture is itself a traveler collecting artifacts from various locations along the way, and its walls are too insubstantial to be used as a means of exclusion.Third and perhaps most significant, hybridity in a postcolonial world muddles the very definitions of culture by which nations define themselves. Given that nationalism is founded upon a collect ive consciousness from shared loyalty to a culture, one would assume this culture is well-defined. Yet the solid roots of historical and cultural narratives that nations rely upon are diasporic, with mottled points of entry at various points in time. An investigation of the roots of cultural symbols like folk stories, religion, and music would reveal sources varied and wide-ranging.Furthermore, culture is defined in relationship to other cultures. Edward states Orientalism (1979) offers a strong description of the system by which nations appropriate from others to define themselves. He suggests Orientalism has helped to define europium as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience. Using a theoretical framework influenced by Gramscis notion of hegemonic culture and Foucaults notion of discourse, Said draws significant attention to the intricate and complex process by which the West must use the East to construct itself, its culture, its meaning.In an illuminating excerpt describing the process of Orientalism, he writes To formulate the Orient, to give it shape, identity, definition with full recognition of its place in memory, its importance to imperial strategy, and its natural role as an appendage to Europe to dignify all the knowledge collected during colonial occupation with the title contribution to modern learning when the natives had neither been consulted nor treated as anything except as pretexts for a text whose usefulness was not to the natives to feel oneself as a European in command, almost at will, of Oriental history, time, and geography to make out of every observable detail a generalization and out of every generalization an immutable law about the Oriental nature, temperament, mentality, custom, or type and, above all, to transmute living reality into the stuff of texts, to possess actuality mainly because nothing in the Orient seems to resist ones powers. In a rain buckets of fragments, Said shows the diverse processes by which dominant cultures are formed at the service of Others. Using words like shape, definition, and transmute, he describes the act of defining nation and the artificial nature of these boundaries.Said offers a theoretical means by which to reject nationalist divisions between an us and Them, a West and Other. This conceptualization of the ways in which nations determine not only their own national identities, but the identities of Other is powerful in revealing the inherently hybrid roots of national culture. Studies of national identity are thus essential in deconstructing xenophobic nationalist claims to nation and the resulting miscegenation of immigrant Others. CONCLUSION This discussion draws from the body of postcolonial literature to suggest that studies of cultural hybridity are powerful in probing the bounded labels of race, language, and nation that maintain social inequalities.By examining how the hybrid can deconstruct boundaries within race, language, and nation, I understo od that hybridity has the ability to empower marginalized collectives and deconstruct bounded labels, which are used in the service of subordination. In essence, hybridity has the potential to allow once subjugated collectivities to reclaim a part of the cultural space in which they move. Hybridity can be seen not as a means of division or sorting out the various histories and diverse narratives to individualize identities, but rather a means of reimagining an interconnected collective. Like the skin on a living body, the collective body has a surface that also feels and Borders materialize as an effect on intensifications of feeling and individual and collective bodies surface through the very orientations we take to objects and others,In the description that Formations our orientations can be shifted, our feelings towards Others transformed, there is a possibility of redefining our exclusionary systems of labeling. Furthermore, breaking dump immaterial borders through exploration s of hybridity offers the possibility of more effective public policy, one that refers to the broad expanse of its diverse population. Frenkel and Shenhav did an illuminating study on the ways in which studies of hybridity have allowed management and organization studies to manage their longstanding western hegemonic practices and to curb postcolonial insights into the organizational literature revolving around the relationships between Orientalism and organizations.The willingness of institutions to reform their long held ideologies in light of a changing world, as well as to consider their work through alternative lenses, is an essential practice in deconstructing the bindings of narratives-as-knowledge. In the boundary-shifting process, there is power in the notion of deconstruction in the service of reconstruction, breaking down boundaries in order to form a more inclusive sense of the collectivity. Furthermore, hybridity asserts the notion that representations of collective id entity must be analyzed contextually. When we examine a representation of culture, be it in a film, poem, or speech, we should ask Who is doing the representing? What are the implications of the representation? Why are they engaging in the process of representation? What is the historical moment that informs the representation? How are they being represented?In addition to the questions explored in this paper, I would recommend applying theories of hybridity to a realm beyond race and nation, in order to consider alternative boundaries such as gender and sexuality. The work of hybrid theorists from Bhabha to Said suggests that there is a vast intellectual landscape for cultural inquiries like these. Our mission must be to continue this work and to delve deeper. Cultural studies have great potential to liberate us from the socially-given boundaries that so obstinately limit our capacity for thought and discussion, but we must take time to join in a collective critique of the knowled ge we ingest and disperse. afterward all, the greatest power lies in the heart of the collective.

Anwar Sadat and Margaret Atwood

Practice Essay These two speeches with their abolishuring power of knowing and artistic qualities connected and compelled their audiences to reassess and ch wholeenge the message within their speeches. State ment to the Knesset (1977) by Anwar Sadat, using biblical references, forces audiences to see and envisage the wonders of his unified narrative for social, cultural and political change.Throughout the speech Statement to the Knesset (1997) by Anwar Sadat, his themes and ideas can be seen through his enduring power and artistic qualities, and his audiences are emotionally and intellectually engaged and thus more responsive to Sadats livery of their own views on their beliefs and aspirations. Spotty-Handed Villainesses (1994) by Margaret Atwood, using subversive irony and humour, forces her audiences to deconstruct the deception of evil women within writings and with her enduring power engages her audiences in cries for the dismantlement of social gender roles.The speeches s et for study mould responders into co-authors whereby being engaged by the speeches enduring power of their intellectual and artistic qualities, and their audiences embrace the speeches worthy messages. and so both speeches continue to be valid in the present day. Atwood discusses the dealinghip between literature and reality in literature there is a extremity that something else has to happen in the form of the plot, climax and resolution to engage the text. In reality we are happy with a kind of eternal breakfast and we withdraw for nothing to really happen. In life we may ask for nothing more than a kind of eternal breakfast. Yet, this doesnt mean that literature is merely art divorced from real life. Atwood believes that the gender cross everyplace and revolution in literature is a direct result in the juvenile history of the womens movement. Thus by the enduring power of Atwoods intellectual and artistic qualities, Atwood compares the relationship between literature and reality. Atwood then considers the womens movement. Atwood welcomes the emancipation to come out different sorts of female behaviour and sees the feminist movement as beneficial, such as the way power works in gender relations. Isnt unfavourable behaviour supposed to be the monopoly of men? Atwood is saying that these extreme feminists suggest that the ownership of bad behaviour in literature is for men only, not women. Therefore Atwoods enduring power advises her audiences to look at what women are being perceived as through the womens movement. Atwood criticises extreme feminists. Who show a tendency to polarise morality by gender-that is, women were essentially favorable and men bad. Novelists are seen as anti-feminist if women are cast as villainesses. why should bad behaviour be reserved for men? Atwood sees bad behaviour as written in literature as socially realistic. Thus by Atwoods intellectual and artistic qualities, she put-forth to her audiences how extreme feminist s are stating that in literature women are meant to be perceived as good characters. Atwood questions how characters in novels should behave. The fact that audiences give birth the male characters in Atwoods novels should be stronger and that female characters are expected to be deprived of their free will, as in, the patriarchy made her do it.Atwood jeeringly asserts This is which should more properly be taken up with God. Atwood explains that after all he was the one who created Adam who sacrificed eternal life for an apple. A female character could think the unthinkable and say the unsayable, however, according to the new moral thermometer of the times, it would be considered good and that the women who did them were praiseworthy. And so using the enduring power of intellectual and artistic qualities, Atwood reveals her point of view of how male and female characters in novels should behave.Atwood negates this viewpoint with an overview of squiffy women. As shown in the worlds literature, claiming wicked women exist in real life, so they have a place in literature. Atwood explains to her audiences some of the numerous bad female literary characters she knows of. Atwood points out that there are bad women who do bad things for bad reasons, good women who do good things for good reasons, good women who do bad things for good reasons, bad women who do bad things for good reasons, and so forth. Atwood gives xamples such as the Queen from Snow White and Lady Macbeth from Shakespeares play Macbeth and explains how that character portrays a wicked woman. Thus Atwood clarifies how wicked women are perceived in literature using the enduring power of her intellectual and artistic qualities. Sadats bid was to save his Egyptian people and the blameless Arab Nation from war. The main duty dictated by his responsibility is to exhaust all and every means in a bid to save his Egyptian Arab people and the entire Arab Nation of the horrors of new, shocking and destructiv e wars, which are, as Sadat says, foreseen by no other than God himself. I was convinced that the obligation of responsibility onward God, and before the people, that I would go to the farthest corner of the world to address the Members of the Knesset. Sadat is saying that he would do anything possible to address the Members of the Knesset, the representatives of the people of Israel, and Sadat would acquaint them with all the facts surging inside of him. And through his enduring power of his intellectual and artistic qualities Sadat shows his audiences what he is willing to do, to save his Egyptian people and the entire Arab Nation.The shock repute of Sadat taking the initiative is partly why his mission had such diplomatic effect and change. When Sadat announced his decision to the entire world before the Egyptians peoples assembly, majority of the people were surprised and amazed. Some, gripped by the violent surprise, believed that Sadats decision was no more than verbal juggl ing to cater for world public look. Yet, other still interpreted it as political tactics to camouflage Sadats intention of launching a new war. But in the end Sadats speech had been successful and the wars between the Egyptian people and the Arab people had stopped.Therefore through Sadats long lasting rhetorical questions and themes and ideas he tells his audiences how his decision bear upon and changed the world. Sadat believes a landmark change of course is needed and the governments must arise in a higher place all forms of fanaticism and value life. Sadat believes that they must all rise above all forms of fanaticism, self-deception and obsolete theories of superiority. The families are still moaning under the cruel pain of widowhood and bereavement of sons, fathers and brothers.Sadat using his enduring power of intellectual and artistic qualities he explains to his audiences that he truly believes that instead of worrying about the wars and the disagreements, they should al l be more concerned about their people and how they are still grieving over their family members. Thus through Sadats intellectual and artistic qualities, he informs his audiences the reasons behind why there is a need for change. Sadat wanted a rest ground on justice in the entire region, not just between Egypt and Israel. He states that there can be no peace treaty without Palestine.Sadat said that that he and his people do not want to encircle you or be encircled ourselves by destructive missiles ready for launching, nor by the shells of grudges and hatred. Using his repeat of a permanent peace based on justice Sadat explained to his audiences that the Egyptians truly seek peace, and welcome the Israelis to live among them in peace and security. So, through the use of Sadats enduring power of his intellectual and artistic qualities, he shows his reason for wanting a peace based on justice between their entire region.In the terminus of his speech, Sadat asks for partnership in the formation of a peace agreement in Geneva. Sadat explained the details of the partnership using enumeration. He summed it up to make cardinal points. Third the right of all states in the area to live in peace within their boundaries. Through his use of intellectual and artistic qualities, Sadat is telling his audiences that if this peace agreement is approved, he will make sure that everyone would be able to lie safely and in peace.In conclusion I believe that both speeches by, Anwar Sadat and Margaret Atwood, through their enduing power of intellectual and artistic qualities, and in much detail have given their audiences an enormous amount of information about their topics. Atwood proved to us that in literature, women can be either the good or bad character, because men are not always the bad person. And that people should overcome the idea of men being portrayed as bas characters all the time. Sadat similarly told his audiences that the Egyptian and the Israeli people can ov ercome the differences between them and start a permanent peace based on justice.

Housework: The Key To All Successful Relationships Essay

When thinking of the term housekeeping, even in todays evolved society, it is sometimes cognise to be an activity that females in the family be generally responsible for. How of all time, housework is not only defined by cleanliness and tidiness of a home, scarce also includes the up-keep, and maintenance. These are essential in order to keep the house in good condition. In my family, the men accommodate become mainly in charge of the maintenance and women in charge of cleanliness. Housework should not be reserved for one gender, but rather combined by both(prenominal) genders. The spoil down of roles between genders will allow for better relationships in life. The act of housework can become a large issue in a home that does not have structure and specific roles. Growing up, my dad was away most of week and frequently went on long trips during hockey season, and the overwinter months. My mom played both roles of mom and dad while he was away. In the past, my mom has expressed over, and over again that she is tired of cleanup position former(a) peoples messes and trying to maintenance everything herself.We would argue constantly about not picking up after ourselves, and leaving all the chores for mom. About 6 years ago we realized that it is very unfair, as well as time consuming, for my mom to be in charge of getting everything done. As we build up older, it seems that there is more laundry, dirty dishes, and things that need to be fixed. We decided to be consistent with cleaning, and managing the house as a family. Our relationships have been almost amazing ever since. As I have mentioned, housework involves both the cleanliness and up-keep of a home. In our family, weve found that the best way to get things done is to know our strengths and weaknesses, and divide up the work accordingly. My dad and brother are responsible for vacuuming, fixing things that are broken, cutting the grass, taking out the garbage, and most of the outdoor work that is comm only known as manly tasks. My mom and I are responsible for the dishes, laundry, and keeping the house tidy inside. We all help out with the preparation of meals whether it be consideration the table, cutting up vegetables, or actually doing the cooking.We do switch roles sometimes, but mostly stick with what we are good at, or dont forefront doing. The routineand contribution to housework from all of our family members has really changed the mood in the house over the passed 6 years. Just like finances can sometimes have a bad impact on a relationship or marriage, not contributing or working as a squad to keep the place we call home in good order can also impact a family for the worst. Working well with others and being a team player are skills that become very important as people grow up. They are skills that teach us to communicate, and be considerate. Growing children of both genders must examine balance, teamwork, and the importance of contribution. Being able to practice t hese skills in our home since a young age has helped my brother and I to bring the things we have learned into the real world. I have heard that boys who grow up with sisters do not usually get asked as often to do housework by their parents, and subsequently do not end up contributing later on in life. That was not the case in my home, and to be honest, I am very thankfulOnce we decided as a family that we would all contribute, we made sure that we stuck to it. Working as a team has in person helped me become an all around good worker, no matter what job has come my way. Ive learned to consider and respect others opinions as well as communicate well with co-workers and any employer that I have worked for. For the passed three years, I have lived with two other roommates while going to school in Ottawa. give thanks to everything that I learned about contribution at home, I have made sure to make a good effort in doing my part, and cleaning up after myself at our house in Ottawa. I plan to live with my boyfriend within the next year, and it is nice to know that he was brought up the same way as I was. We have both learned the importance of contribution in a relationship.Housework and contribution cannot solely be in the hands of one gender or another. It takes a combined effort to make a household, and relationships in life run smoothly. Relationships that include roles that are shared, and consideration that is given towards others, help avoid issues that arise from lack of contribution. Children that come from homes that make sure to divide up the work between family members also learn balance, teamwork, and the importance of contribution. These skills are important for everyone to obtain, and ensure good relationships throughout life.

Carl Jung’s Theory Essay

Carl Jung tackled nature and psychological emblems ( too referred to as Jungs psychological types) from a thought of clinical psychoanalysis. He was one of only a handful of psychologists in his era to maintain that development is never unchanging, but in fact really stupefys through childhood, adolescence, mid-life and into old age. He concentrated on establishing and developing a relationship amid witting and unconscious passagees. Jung believed that thither was a interchange between the conscious and unconscious and without it the unconscious processes could weaken and possibly endanger the reputation and this is seen in one of his central suppositions of individuation.He believed that individuation is a continuous process of individualal development that involves founding a connection between the ego and the self and that it could be brought to its highest realisation if worked with and the unconscious was confronted.Jung, (as did Freud) , referred to the ego when expla ining the to a greater extent conscious vista of temper. However he (un wish Freud) thought the unconscious cheek of the personality was equal in status, and complimentary to that ofthe conscious. He referred to the integrated personality as Self the sum of the total psyche, incorporating both the conscious and the unconscious. The Self includes all of a persons qualities and potentials whether or not they become apparent at a particular(a) stage of life. Therefore the goal of therapy is to guide the client to become a solid a human being as personal circumstances leave alone allow.It was from Jungs confrontation with the unconscious, in himself and his patients, that he gradually elaborated his psychology. His book Psychological Types (1921) worked as the compass by which he tried to recognise how he differed from both Freud and Adler, but much importantly, could begin to chart the internal macrocosm of battalion.He considered spirituality a central part of the human jou rney (indeed on that point is a whole literature relating Jungian psychology and spirituality, primarily from a Christian perspective) and had a deep appreciation of creative life.Jungs description of personality states that in order to signalize a psychological type it is necessary to discover whether a person is oriented primarily toward his inside world invagination or toward external reality Extroversion. These were kn give as the fundamental attitude of the individual to emphasise its importanceIntrovertsAre people who prefer their internal world of thoughts, notionings, fantasies, dreams, and so on.ExtrovertsThese people prefer the external world of things and people and activities.In todays world these words have become confused with ideas like shyness and sociability, partially because introverts tend to be shy and extroverts tend to be sociable. But Jung intended for them to refer to a greater extent to whether you (ego) to a greater extent often faced toward the perso na and outside reality, or toward the incorporated unconscious and its archetypes. In that sense, the introvert issomewhat more mature than the extrovert. Our culture, of course, values the extrovert much more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our own type most(prenominal),This reality is still applicable to therapists today as it is important not to allow personal feelings to take place when working with clients.Both introvert and extravert overrate their strengths and individually of them tends to undervalue the other. To the extravert, the introvert seems egotistical and dull, and to the introvert, the extravert appears superficial and insincere. Jung believed that a person remained an extravert or introvert without change for the whole of his life, and that heredity determines whether the libido is directed inward or outward. Whether a person is an introvert or extrovert they need to deal with both their inner and outer world. And from each one has their preferred way of dealing with it, ways which they are comfortable with and good at.This hypothesised stability of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empircal research using Non-Jungian measures of introversion and extraversion. We now honour the introvert-extravert dimension in several theories, notably Hans Eysencks. -Eysenck (1916 1997)In Eysencks view people are biosocial animals and that psychology stands at the crossroads of biological sciences and social sciences. He states that psychology must become more of a true science with methodology in all that the therapist does in order to permit personality theorists to make predictions that heap be tested and therefore make possible the development of the causal theory of personality, which he believes will inevitably aid the therapist with clients presenting problems.Eysenck believed that from a scientific angle, Jungs contribution to the study of personality types had been largely negative as he permitted mystical notio ns to override empirical data and seek to go beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. Eysenck went onto review the theories and came to the conclusion that most people take up somewhere between the nerve centre of the two extremes of those whose emotions are liable and easily aroused and those who are stable and less easily aroused. He suggested that the basic dimensions of personality whitethorn be summarised as shown in.( guess 2) below(Figure 2)Further work by Eysenck tied personality differences to visceral brain activity and he showed that because introverts have sensitive nervous systems they are more easily conditioned and that also makes them more vulnerable to anxiety base neuroses if the visceral brain activity is high, whereas the extravert has a less sensitive and more inhibited cortical process and therefore are slow to develop conditioned retort. Because socialized behavior depends on a well conditioned response in childhood extraverts we re more likely to develop psychopathic disorders if their visceral brain activity is high.This theory is hypthetical and Eysenck realized that his hypothesis must stand and fall by empirical confirmation (1965) Despite his scientific data Eysenck, like Jung, advocated that human doings has both biological and social causes but that there is a strong genetic component. Perhaps therapists could look at the behaviour and traits of a clients close family when working with them in order to better meet the nature/nurture debateJung associated the conscious part of the psyche (ego) to an island that rises out of the sea. We notice only the part above the water, even though there is a greater land mass below the water much like an iceberg, the unconscious lies below. The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience unique to each individual consisting of perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories that have been put to one side or repressed but not always covered by sea and therefo re enkindle be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is unique to e real individual, the collective unconscious is shared or transpersonal and consists of certain(p) potentialities that we allshare because of our human nature, because we all give out in groups and in some form of society or family life.He believed that the collective unconscious did not develop individually but was inherited and consisted of pre- alive forms, the archetypes. An archetype is a universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in certain ways and is crucial to Jungs concept of the collective unconscious because it emphasises potentialities in which we may express our humanness. He believed that they appeared to us in dreams, art, ritual, myths and symptoms.Jung suggested that people tend to develop two functions, usually one demythologized function Jung suggested that people tend to develop two functions, usually one Rational functionand one Irrational function. There are fou r basic ways, or psychological functions which are thinking, feeling, sensation or intuition one of these becomes the primary or paramount function and the other the auxiliary function. (See Figure 3) on adjoining page.Jungs Four Psychological FunctionsFigure 3Therefore it is unusual to find thinking and feeling sensation and intuition, develop in the same person. The dominant function is directed toward external reality if the person is an extravert, or toward the inner world if the person in an introvert. The rational functions of thinking and feeling can be conceived as a pair of opposites as can the irrational functions of sensation and intuition. The extraverted thinking sensation type would have an introverted feeling-intuitive shadow and vice-versa. (See Figure 4 below)ThinkingThinkingEXTRAVERSIONEXTRAVERSIONCONSCIOUSNESSCONSCIOUSNESSINTROVERSIONINTROVERSIONSHADOWSHADOWFeelingFeelingFig 5. equal from Cloniger (2000b) and Engler (1999These eight psychetypes are useful in gi ving the therapist a more complete picture of the clients personality and athletic supporter to identify the function that the individual uses for dealing with the less preferred direction, known as the auxiliary function. Jung cautioned that types rarely occur in a pure form and that there is a wide range of variation indoors each type, that people of a specific type may change as their personal collective unconscious changes in response to external or indeed internal influences which will motivate the individual to seek change in their lives. The therapist needfully to be aware of that every client responds differently. Jung viewed emotional disturbance as a persons attempt to reconcile the contradictory aspects of personality. One side of the psyche, such as the conscious, adaptive, social persona, may be exaggerated at the expense of the darker, unconscious aspects, the shadow side -Example-The Extraverted sensation types who may appear to be superficial and soulless and acti vely seek thrills and distractions but have a shadow side of intuition which when activated by an inner event will gives rise to negative hunches that are way off beam and may manifest as paranoid or hostile behaviour for no apparent reason. (Stevens 1994bCritics of JungA criticism of Jungs theory was his lack of empirical research in which his theory has been attacked as being non-falsifiable and unscientific (Herenhahn. 994 p.33) Jung based his psychology on explorations of his own inner world, as well as his work with people ranging from normal to those with neurotic problems and even those suffering from psychosis (Snowdon, 2010. P.XXV1). Eysenck was also a critic see section on (Eysenck).However, Jung was unconcerned claiming that he cannot experience himself as a scientific problem. Myth is more individual and expresses life more precisely than does science (Stevens. 2001. P.156)How might Jungs hypothesis usefully cooperate a client and determine therapeutic goals-It is nece ssary to determine whether a person is primarily orientated toward their inner (introversion) or outer world (extraversion) and next to assess which are the dominant and auxillary psychological functions of the client. Jung said that people connect ideas, feelings, experiences and study by way of associations in the unconscious in such a way as to affect their behavior. These groupings he named asComplexesThey may be nonionized around a particular person or object and the therapist may use this knowledge to bring to the forefront of the clients mind a situation which they may be determination difficult to disengage from such as the case that Jung wrote of where a man who knew that he was suffering from an ideational growth but could not stop himself from believing it. Although in todays world we have such tools as MRIs and other techniques to succor people see that their unconscious worries are unfounded, I still think that counseling and cognitive therapy can/may be appropria te. The therapeutic goal of Jungian therapy is to help the client reconcile unbalanced aspects of their personality which present in a number of differing ways ofPsychological disturbance.-Examples include extreme negativity, addictions,degrees of paranoia, sudden religious conversion, wrong attachments to unsuitable partners, hysteria, mania, depression, hypochondrias or schizoid personality traits ( as Jung himself had as a boy)By understanding his theory and how each type may present the therapist can help them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a process in which the client is helped to come to terms with the place of self within their own world and also to help them see that they are part of a greater collective unconscious. Much of Jungs work was rough the interconnection of all people and cultures which in todays world is a helpful to us. The use of appropriate assessment techniques can be invaluable in helping a therapist to develop the untapped potentia l within the individual.Jung was of the opinion that interference along certain prescribed lines according to a certain school of thought does not always work. And finding about the persons personality type should help a therapist to establish which treatment method should work best for that particular person. For some people it is feeling accepted by others in which case the person centred approach would be most appropriate whereas others are very goal oriented, not so much in touch with their feelings and like to work with targets and see results quickly. For such people the cognitive behaviour approach would be the most appropriateFurther Jung believes that the opposite poles attract but at the same time will find themselves in conflict later on in a relationship. By helping the client become aware the therapist will be able to help the client realise what works and does not work in their relationship. Peoples values, attitudes or beliefs are not part of a persons psyche however personality can certainly contribute towards influencing these.Jung was convinced that our personalities never become stati so there is a potential for us to grow throughout our lives and we can never quite say that our growth has finished. Indeed I find myself on this journey of self discovery and am finding the real me as opposed to how others would like to view me. I am unearthing what drives me, what my purpose is and how I wantto get there. These wide possibilities are there also for each client when they come for therapy. The more the counsellor is able to learn about their self and promote growth the better the therapeutic relationship and the more progress the client can make.There might also be a breakthrough for clients who are not very happy in their jobs or for those who are not quite sure about the direction they want to follow in their career choices. Clients might therefore get an idea about the types of jobs that would suit their particular personality and that coul d signify another turning point in the counselling process. Learning about our personalities can certainly be very enriching but should not be used to make excuses for the behaviour we are not proud of.I myself have taken the Myers Brigg test (which includes an additional get along two categories of preference and perceiving which in turn multiplied by two Jungs eight personality types to that of sixteen personality types) with a result of INFJ and erudite that my first career preference would be a counselor and indeed that is exactly what I am at this moment trying to achieve and intrust that I will become a proficient therapist.I found the test to be invaluable and I must stress that the personality type description fits me fully. I am very creative, practical and always on the lookout for new solutions and ideas. I have a strong desire to help people realise their potential. I am very empathetic and show great intuitive abilities. When I was at school other kids always cute me to describe what a new teacher would be like and I never failed by just looking at her or him once in the corridor.I am aware that I make out spending time on my own to renew myself and in order to do that I like to unwind in a really peaceful place. Ever since I was small I never liked conflict and there always seemed a lot of it going around in my family. But I actually am happy to enter it to help resolve it. I certainly enjoy being active and look out for the next challenge. And perhaps some might find me stubborn if I am given advice as I tend to stick to my intuitive feelings.If my clients find out which personality type they are it might help themmake sense of things they did not even understand about themselves helping them to see how they interact with others and how they view themselves. This essay has been an enlightening journey of discovery of not only Jungs theory but thins I have discovered about myself on a personal level. I hope that when I eventually become a therapist I can use this skill and my clients can benefit in the same way I have.ConclusionWhilst Jungs theories are widely used in psychodynamics and personality testing in todays world, it should be recognized that this theory about different types of human personalities is a psychological approach to growth and wholeness.The therapeutic goal of Jungarian therapy is to help the client reconcile unbalanced aspects of their personality which may present in a number of differing ways of psychological disturbances (mentioned above) and physical illness, and obsessions.I therefore feel that understanding Jungs theory and how each type may present gives me as a therapist the ability to help the client gradually landing strip away the shadow side of their personality, the negative aspect that they will need to address. This will be a process of individuation in which the client is helped towards the conscious realization and fulfillment of their unique self and to help them see that they are a part of a greater collective unconscious.In conclusion, I hold back that understanding personality types, whether it is Jungs theory or Eysencks is very important in helping me as a therapist, and my client in reaching their goal/s. By my being aware of the strength of my clients psyche it could help me begin to work on weaker areas, therefore helping my client to find meaning within their own world and moving towards their true self.ReferencesBoeree G. (2006) Carl Jung 1875 1961 http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/jung.html Accessed 28/08/10Cloniger S. C. ( 2000) Theories of personality understanding Persons(3rd Ed)Engler, B. (1999)Personality theories, an introduction.Eysenck , H.J. (1982) Personality, genetics and behaviour Selected papers.Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality Theory and research (pp. 244-276).Frager, R., & Fadiman, J. (2005). Excerpt from Personality and Personal Growth (Fordam, F (1953) A n introduction to Jungs psychology.Baltimore. Penguin. In Engler, B. (1999)Personality theories, an introductionFurnam, A (1990) Can people accurately imagine their own personality test scores? European Journal of Personality, 4(4), 319-327 in Engler, B. (1999) Personality theories, an introduction.p87 (5th Ed)Jung C, (1933) Jung Psychological Theory of Types.Modern Man in Search of a Soul , p. 98 (cf. C.W., 6).http//www.cgjungpage.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=852&Itemid=41Contents2ORoark, A.M. (1990). Comment on Cowans interpretation of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Jungs psychological functions.Journal of Personality Assessment , 58, 277-299 in Cloniger S. C. ( 2000) Theories of personality understanding PersonsStevens, A. (1994a)Jung A Very Short Introduction. p38.Stevens, A. (1994b) Jung A Very Short Introduction.Ruth Snowden. The key ideas 2011Ruth Snowden con yourself Jung